1. urban = adjective meaning ‘about cities’
Ex: Urban crime is a great concern for the authorities in most countries today.
2. investment or funding = money to pay for an activity, either from government
or business
Ex: My home town secured investment from a charity for a new stadium, and
funding from a local company for sponsorship.
3. infrastructure = the physical and system organisation of a city, area or country,
especially in terms of transport and communications
Ex: The UK railway infrastructure dates back to the 1860’s in many places.
4. high-capacity = able to handle high volumes of goods or people
Ex: Sea container ships are high-capacity international freight providers.
5. public transport = transport such as buses and trains funded by the state (as
opposed to ‘private transport’ such as cars owned by individuals)
Ex: I usually get to work by public transport, even though it’s very crowded.
6. congestion = situation of too much traffic, causing delays (the phrase ‘traffic
jam’ is not generally used in Academic English)
Ex: I have to leave home very early in the mornings, because of the congestion on
the way to my college.
7. conurbations = very large cities which have absorbed other towns
Ex: Sao Paolo is a huge conurbation in Brazil, and is still expanding.
8. transport hubs = centres where many routes converge
Ex: Heathrow airport is the largest transport hub in Europe.
9. facilities and amenities = places providing any service to the public, either
private or public sector
Ex: My home city has many amenities such as swimming pools and parks, and
several facilities for elderly people such as care homes.
10. a bottleneck = a place where congestion regularly happens
Ex: The connection from a motorway to a local road is always a big bottleneck.
11. overcrowding = a situation where too many people try to live in one place
Ex: Hong Kong has managed its overcrowding problem very skilfully.
12. hinterland = the area around a city affected by its development
Ex: I live in the hinterland of our capital city, where we regularly go for shopping
and for work projects.
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Ex: Urban crime is a great concern for the authorities in most countries today.
2. investment or funding = money to pay for an activity, either from government
or business
Ex: My home town secured investment from a charity for a new stadium, and
funding from a local company for sponsorship.
3. infrastructure = the physical and system organisation of a city, area or country,
especially in terms of transport and communications
Ex: The UK railway infrastructure dates back to the 1860’s in many places.
4. high-capacity = able to handle high volumes of goods or people
Ex: Sea container ships are high-capacity international freight providers.
5. public transport = transport such as buses and trains funded by the state (as
opposed to ‘private transport’ such as cars owned by individuals)
Ex: I usually get to work by public transport, even though it’s very crowded.
6. congestion = situation of too much traffic, causing delays (the phrase ‘traffic
jam’ is not generally used in Academic English)
Ex: I have to leave home very early in the mornings, because of the congestion on
the way to my college.
7. conurbations = very large cities which have absorbed other towns
Ex: Sao Paolo is a huge conurbation in Brazil, and is still expanding.
8. transport hubs = centres where many routes converge
Ex: Heathrow airport is the largest transport hub in Europe.
9. facilities and amenities = places providing any service to the public, either
private or public sector
Ex: My home city has many amenities such as swimming pools and parks, and
several facilities for elderly people such as care homes.
10. a bottleneck = a place where congestion regularly happens
Ex: The connection from a motorway to a local road is always a big bottleneck.
11. overcrowding = a situation where too many people try to live in one place
Ex: Hong Kong has managed its overcrowding problem very skilfully.
12. hinterland = the area around a city affected by its development
Ex: I live in the hinterland of our capital city, where we regularly go for shopping
and for work projects.
@IELTS_Assisstant
@safarov_english
@IELTS_PDF_Bot