1️⃣ Necrosis (Nekroz) – oldingi holatga qaytmaydigan darajada hujayrani shikastlanishi, hujayrani õlimiga olib keladi

✅Example: Coagulative necrosis is a hallmark of myocardial infarction due to ischemia - Koagulyatsion nekroz miokard infarktining ishemiya bilan bog‘liq asosiy belgisidir.

2️⃣ Inflammation (Yalliğlanish) – jarohatga yoki infeksiyaga qarshi tananing immun javobi

✅Example: Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells - surunkali yalliğlanish makrofaglar, limfotsitlar, plazma hujayralari borligi bilan xarakterlanadi

3️⃣Hyperplasia (Giperplaziya) – organ yoki tõqima hujayralarining sonini oshishi

✅Example: Endometrial hyperplasia is often caused by unopposed estrogen stimulation - endometrial giperplaziya kõpincha estrogenning ortiqcha ta'siridan kelib chiqadi

4️⃣Dysplasia (Displaziya) – bu to‘qimalarning anormal rivojlanishi yoki hujayralarning o‘sishidagi buzilish bo‘lib, bu saratonning dastlabki bosqichi bo‘lishi mumkin

✅Example: Cervical dysplasia, detected by Pap smear, is a precursor to cervical cancer - Pap testi orqali aniqlangan bachadon bõyni displaziyasi bachadon bõyni saratonining dastlabki bosqichidir

5️⃣Neoplasia (Neoplaziya) – bu hujayralarning nazoratsiz, avtonom ravishda o‘sishi, ya’ni yangi to‘qimaning shakllanishi. Oddiy hujayralar organizm ehtiyojiga qarab o‘sadi va bo‘linadi, lekin neoplastik hujayralar organizm nazoratisiz ko‘payib, o‘smaga (shishga) olib keladi.

✅Example: Adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm originating from glandular epithelium - Adenokarsinoma bez epiteliyasidan kelib chiqadigan yomon sifatli neoplaziyadir.