✅Indu Khurana’s Physiology kitobidan Cardiovascular System Physiology bo‘limidagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan 5 ta medical vocabulary va ularning ma'nolari:

1️⃣ Cardiac Output (CO) — bu yurakni bir daqiqada haydaydigan umumiy qon hajmi.

💡Formula: CO = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV)

⚪️Normal range: 4–8 L/min

⚪️Clinical Significance:

● Increased (Oshmoq) Cardiac Output:
- Exercise (Jismoniy mashqda)
- Stress
- Pregnancy (homiladorlik)

● Decreased (Kamaymoq) Cardiac Output:
- Heart failure (yurak yetishmovchilikda)
- Shock (shok holatida)

2️⃣Stroke Volume (SV) — bu yurak har bir qisqarishda chiqaradigan qon hajmi.

💡Formula: SV = EDV − ESV

EDV= End Diastolic Volume
ESV = End Systolic Volume

💡Clinical Significance:

● Low stroke volume (Qon hajmini past bõlishi):
- Cardiomyopathy (Kardiomiopatiya)
- Myocardial infarction (miokard infarkti)

● High stroke volume (Qon hajmining yuqori bõlishi) — Athletes (atletlarda), early pregnancy (erta homiladorlikda)

3️⃣Heart Rate (HR) — Yurakning bir daqiqadagi urishlar soni.

⚪️Normal range: 60–100 bpm (beats per minute - 1 minutdagi urishlar soni)

💡Clinical Significance:

● Bradycardia (100 bpm):
- Fever (isitma)
- anemia (anemiya)
- hyperthyroidism (gipertireodizm)

4️⃣Baroreceptor Reflex — bu aorta va karotid arteriyalarda joylashgan va qon bosimini aniqlaydigan retseptorlar.

💡Clinical Significance:

•Helps prevent orthostatic hypotension Ortostatik gipotenziyani oldini oladi

•Dysregulation seen in hypertension or autonomic failure - Disregulyatsiya gipertoniya yoki avtonom buzilishda kuzatiladi.

5️⃣Systole and Diastole

● Systole – Yurak qorinchalarining qisqarishi va qonning arteriyalarga haydalishi.

● Diastole – Yurak qorinchalarining bo‘shashishi va qon bilan to‘lishi.

💡Clinical Significance:

•High systolic pressure (>140 mmHg) – Hypertension (Gipertenziya)

•Low diastolic pressure (