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1. What kinds of things do people forget easily?

> People tend to forget everyday trivialities and unimportant details quite easily. This could include the names of people we've recently met, places where we put our keys or phones, and specific details of conversations or future plans. Routine actions that we perform automatically are also often forgotten, such as whether we turned off the iron or locked the door. Our brains tend to filter out information that it doesn't deem essential for survival or for solving current tasks.

2. Why is it difficult for some people to remember things?

> There are several reasons why some people have difficulty remembering things. Firstly, it could be linked to genetic predispositions or biological factors, such as the structure of the brain or the presence of certain medical conditions. Secondly, our lifestyle has an impact on memory. Lack of sleep, poor nutrition, stress, and a lack of physical activity can negatively affect cognitive functions, including memory. Thirdly, some people may have difficulty concentrating, which makes it difficult for them to encode information into long-term memory.

3. What kinds of people are more forgetful?

> Forgetfulness isn’t a characteristic of a particular type of person, but some groups may be more prone to it. For example, older adults often experience age-related changes in brain function, which can affect their memory. People who are under stress or chronically fatigued may also be more forgetful because their brains are overloaded. Individuals with attention deficit disorders or other cognitive impairments might also experience memory problems. However, it’s important to remember that forgetfulness can happen to anyone, regardless of age or personality type.

4. How can people improve their memory?

> There are many ways people can improve their memory. One way is to train the brain with memory and attention exercises, solving puzzles, and doing crosswords. Regular physical activity, sufficient sleep, and a balanced diet also play an important role in maintaining brain health. Using mnemonic techniques such as visualization or association can also help in remembering important information. It’s also important to reduce stress and anxiety levels, as these can negatively affect memory function.

5. Why do you think some people have better memory than others?

> The difference in memory quality between people can be due to a combination of several factors. Genetic predispositions play a certain role, but lifestyle choices are also important. People who actively train their brains, take care of their health, and lead active lifestyles may have better memory. The ability to concentrate and efficiently process information also plays a key role. Some people are simply naturally more attentive and organized, which helps them to remember things better.

6. What do you think of people using calendars to remind themselves of things?

> I think that using calendars to remind ourselves of things is a very practical and effective way to organize ourselves. In today's world, with so many tasks and pieces of information, it's difficult to rely solely on our memory. Calendars help us to systematize tasks, plan our time, and not forget important events. It's not a sign of poor memory but rather a sign of organization and a desire to be efficient. It is particularly useful for people who have busy schedules or many tasks that need to be tracked.

> I'd like to describe a rather memorable occasion when I was traveling by bus, and it broke down, which caused quite a bit of disruption. This happened about two years ago when I was on my way to visit a friend who lives in a neighboring city. I was going to meet her for a weekend trip to explore the city’s historical sites, and I was really looking forward to it. I was traveling alone that day as I was planning to meet her at the location.

> The bus journey was expected to take around three hours, and everything was going smoothly for the first two hours. Then, all of a sudden, the bus started making some strange noises and eventually came to a halt on the side of the road. The driver tried a few things, but it became clear quite quickly that there was some kind of serious mechanical problem. We were stranded in the middle of nowhere. It took about four hours for a replacement bus to arrive. This involved all sorts of frustrating phone calls by the driver and the bus company.

> The breakdown had a major impact on my plans. Firstly, I arrived extremely late, which caused me to miss out on seeing the sites that I was hoping to visit that afternoon. My friend was understandably worried and ended up having to wait for hours to meet me. We had to adjust our weekend schedule drastically. I remember being frustrated and tired. It was not a nice experience overall.

> I learned a valuable lesson that day about being prepared for the unexpected. Although we cannot control every single aspect of our travel, I am more inclined to have backup plans when it comes to travelling by public transport. This incident has made me appreciate the importance of always being ready to handle unexpected situations while travelling. It's also made me consider alternatives, such as traveling by train, which might be more reliable. The experience, although frustrating at the time, has made me more resilient and adaptable when things go wrong.

1. Is it important to manage your time efficiently?

> Absolutely, I believe that managing time efficiently is crucial for a productive and fulfilling life. In today's fast-paced world, there are so many demands on our time. Being able to prioritize tasks, set realistic goals, and avoid procrastination are key skills for achieving our ambitions and maintaining a healthy work-life balance. Efficient time management also helps to reduce stress and allows us to make the most of our leisure time, which improves overall wellbeing.

2. Is time management important in our daily lives?

> Yes, time management is undeniably important in our daily lives. From simple tasks like planning meals and organizing schedules to more complex activities such as meeting deadlines and managing projects, time management skills are essential. When we manage our time effectively, we can accomplish our daily tasks with greater ease, feel more in control of our lives, and reduce feelings of overwhelm. Without it, we risk feeling like we are constantly playing catch up and struggle to juggle our responsibilities effectively. It is a fundamental skill that underpins much of our daily routines.

3. Is it good for people to change jobs frequently?

> That’s a complex question, and I don't think there’s a single answer that applies to everyone. On one hand, changing jobs frequently can offer people opportunities to develop new skills, gain diverse experiences, and increase their earning potential. It can also provide exposure to different work environments and company cultures. However, on the other hand, constantly changing jobs may lead to instability, insecurity, and a lack of long-term career growth. It can also be seen negatively by potential employers who may value stability in a candidate’s history. Ultimately, whether frequent job changes are "good" depends on the individual’s circumstances, priorities, and career goals. There’s no simple yes or no, and context is key.

> So, if I had to choose a scientific field that really interests me, it would definitely be psychology. I think it's just fascinating to try and understand why people think, feel, and act the way they do. It's like trying to solve a really interesting puzzle, and the puzzle is basically human nature!

> What I love about psychology is that it’s so relevant to our everyday lives. We all have emotions, we all have relationships, and we all make decisions – and psychology helps explain why those things happen. It can give us practical tips for dealing with stress, building better relationships, and just feeling better overall. That's why I find it so useful and engaging.

> One area of psychology that I find particularly cool is how our minds work, which is called cognitive psychology. Things like how we remember things, how we learn, and how we solve problems - it's incredible to see how intricate the human brain is. I've read a few articles on how our memories can sometimes be unreliable. It's very interesting to learn about how our brains work.

> I also really like the part of psychology that focuses on helping people with their mental health. Clinical psychology and counseling are incredibly important, and it’s amazing to see how much of a difference therapists can make in someone's life. It makes me think that being a part of a field that really helps other people would be a really meaningful thing to do.

> Another area that I like is social psychology. It’s about how our behavior changes when we're around other people. It explores how we form groups, or why we behave differently in public than we would at home. Understanding these aspects helps you to be more aware of how the world influences us and how we are in groups.

> All in all, psychology is a field that I’m very curious about and passionate to learn more. It's an area where I know that I can explore my passion to understand human behaviour, and discover many interesting aspects along the way.

> While all areas of science are valuable, I believe introducing children to a combination of fundamental subjects is most beneficial. Biology, with its focus on living organisms and the human body, is key for understanding ourselves and our environment. Physics and chemistry help children understand the nature of the world. Astronomy can inspire a sense of wonder and curiosity about the universe. The aim should be a holistic approach, allowing children to explore the interconnectedness of different scientific fields rather than focusing solely on one subject.

1. Should scientists explain the research process to the public?

> Absolutely, I believe it's crucial for scientists to explain their research process to the public. Transparency fosters trust and allows people to make informed decisions about scientific advancements. When the public understands how research is conducted, they're more likely to support funding and embrace new technologies. Moreover, it promotes scientific literacy, enabling people to critically evaluate information, combat misinformation, and appreciate the value of scientific inquiry.

2. Should people continue studying science after finishing school?

> I think continuing to study science after finishing school is extremely beneficial, though it shouldn't be mandatory for everyone. For individuals interested in pursuing a career in a science-related field, further education is indispensable for professional growth. But even for those outside the scientific community, engaging with scientific concepts throughout life, through reading, courses or documentaries, allows people to maintain their intellectual curiosity, adapt to a changing world, and understand the science underlying global challenges.

3. How do you find out about scientific news?

> I rely on a combination of sources to stay updated on scientific news. I regularly visit reputable science news websites, read articles from peer-reviewed journals, and listen to podcasts hosted by experts in various scientific fields. I also value information from documentary series that go in depth into specific topics. I'm careful to cross-reference information from various sources to ensure I'm getting the most accurate and comprehensive picture, and I avoid outlets known for clickbait titles and sensationalized reporting.

4. Why do some children not like learning science at school?

> There are various reasons why some children might not enjoy learning science at school. Sometimes, the material can be presented in an unengaging or theoretical way, without enough practical application or real-world examples to spark their interest. Lack of qualified teachers, access to laboratories or the pressure to pass exams also contributes to a poor learning experience. Additionally, a lack of support and encouragement from parents or guardians can discourage a child’s interest in learning science, leading to negative associations.

5. Do you think science is important?

> Without a doubt, science is incredibly important. It's the bedrock of innovation and progress, driving technological advances that improve our quality of life. Science is essential for understanding our world, from the smallest particles to the largest galaxies. It is vital for solving global challenges like climate change, disease and food security. Furthermore, science cultivates critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a sense of wonder about the world, all of which are crucial for individuals and societies alike.

6. How does science influence our life?

> Science influences nearly every facet of our lives, often in ways we don’t even realize. From the technologies we use every day, like smartphones and computers, to the medical advancements that extend our lifespans, science shapes how we live, communicate, and interact with our environment. The food we eat, the clothes we wear, and the way we travel are all products of scientific research and development. It shapes both our everyday life and our long term future.

7. Should children learn science?

> Absolutely. Learning science is vital for children. It helps them develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which are essential for their future success, regardless of their chosen career path. Introducing children to science early on helps cultivate their intellectual curiosity, a love of learning, and an understanding of the world around them. Furthermore, scientific literacy empowers children to become informed citizens who can engage effectively with complex issues.

8. What science subject is the most important for children to learn?

Describe your grandparent's job

My grandfather was a teacher, and I truly admire the work he did. He dedicated many years of his life to educating students and shaping their futures. He taught chemistry at a local school, where he was respected by both his colleagues and students.

One of the things I appreciate about his job is the patience and dedication it required. Teaching is not just about giving lessons; it’s about inspiring students, helping them understand new concepts, and encouraging them to think critically. My grandfather always believed that education was the key to success, and he worked hard to ensure that his students learned valuable lessons, not just from textbooks but also about life.

He used to tell me stories about his experiences in the classroom. He loved engaging with students, answering their questions, and watching them grow academically. He often mentioned how rewarding it was to see a student finally understand a difficult topic after struggling with it.

Apart from teaching, he also spent time preparing lesson plans, grading assignments, and sometimes even mentoring students outside of class. His job was not easy, but he always said that the joy of seeing his students succeed made all the hard work worth it.

Even after retiring, my grandfather still valued education. He enjoyed reading books, discussing different topics, and sometimes even helping young students with their studies. His passion for teaching has always inspired me, and I believe that teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of any society.

1. What’s the difference between payment for mental work and that for physical work?
Mental work usually requires specialized knowledge, creativity, and problem-solving skills, which are often rewarded with higher salaries. In contrast, physical work is labor-intensive and involves manual effort, but it is generally paid less unless it requires rare skills or involves high risk.

2. Can physical workers receive higher salaries in the future?
It is possible, especially for jobs that require unique physical skills, expertise, or hazardous conditions. Additionally, if there is a labor shortage in certain fields, wages may increase due to demand. However, automation might reduce the number of well-paid physical jobs.

3. What kinds of jobs need a lot of physical work?
Jobs in construction, agriculture, manufacturing, and logistics require significant physical effort. Other examples include firefighting, mining, and professional sports, where physical endurance and strength are essential.

4. Do you think that nowadays all jobs could be done by robots?
No, not all jobs can be done by robots. While automation is advancing rapidly, many roles still require human creativity, emotional intelligence, and complex decision-making, such as in healthcare, education, and customer service.

5. Do you think machines could replace human workers in the future?
Machines will likely replace some human workers, especially in repetitive and dangerous jobs. However, they may not fully replace roles that involve empathy, creativity, and interpersonal communication, as these aspects are difficult to replicate with AI.

6. What are the benefits of replacing human workers with robots?
Robots can work faster, more precisely, and tirelessly without needing breaks, reducing costs for businesses. They can also handle dangerous tasks, improving workplace safety. Additionally, automation can increase productivity and efficiency in various industries.

7. How have robots and computers changed the way people work?
They have made work more efficient by automating repetitive tasks, reducing errors, and allowing people to focus on creative and strategic aspects of their jobs. Remote work and digital collaboration have also become possible due to advancements in technology.

8. Why are so many processes controlled by robots instead of people?
Robots are preferred for their speed, accuracy, and ability to work in hazardous conditions. They eliminate human errors and reduce labor costs, making production more efficient and consistent. In industries like healthcare and manufacturing, automation ensures precision and reliability.

Energetic Person

My mother is one of the most energetic people I know. She is always full of life, constantly moving from one task to another without showing any signs of exhaustion. No matter how busy her day is, she manages everything with enthusiasm and determination.

One of the things that make her so energetic is her ability to wake up early and start the day with a positive attitude. She is always the first to get up in our house, preparing breakfast, organizing things, and ensuring that everyone is ready for the day. Even after a long day of work, she never complains about being tired. Instead, she finds time to help others, whether it's giving advice, assisting with homework, or preparing a delicious meal for the family.

Apart from her daily responsibilities, my mother is also passionate about staying active. She enjoys walking, doing household chores efficiently, and engaging in social activities. Her energy is not just physical but also emotional—she is always ready to support and motivate those around her. No matter how difficult a situation may be, she remains strong and encourages others to stay positive.

Her enthusiasm is truly inspiring. She teaches me that being energetic is not just about having physical strength but also about having a strong will and a positive mindset. My mother’s energy and determination make her a role model for me, and I hope to be as hardworking and passionate as she is one day.

Topic vocabulary

📌Describing people 👫


1. Diligent -> hardworking

2. I've known her for donkeys years-> I know her very well ( for a long time )

3. We go back a long time -> we've known each other for a long time

4. Gregarious -> sociable

5. Withdrawn -> shy, introvert

6. Sharp -> intelligent
-As sharp as a knife -> IDIOM

7. Gained the admiration of all

8. Opportunistic -> using situations for own benefit

9. Methodical -> systematic, careful

10. Chauvinistic -> too patriotic 😁

11. Superficial -> not caring about serious things

12. Perfectionist

14. Placid -> calm, does not easily become excited or angry

15. Magnetic personality -> personality that attracts people

16. Extravagant -> spends too much money

17. Altruistic -> thinking of others rather than yourself

18. Tactful tactless

19. Well-balanced -> calm amd reasonable

20. Pushy -> always pushing others to do smth important

21. Restless-> oʻz ishidan qoniqmay , tohtovsiz harakat qiladigan

22. Pig-headed-> qaysar, fikridan qaytmaydigan

23. We get on like a house on fire -> we have very good , enjoyable friendship

24. Inseparable

25. Well-matched-> mos

26. Young at heart -> qalban/qalbi yosh

27. Warmhearted ->samimiy, koʻngli ochiq

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