Grammar Notes

📖Dars #152 Sifat va ravishlarning qo'llanishi II qism

✳️ Oldingi mavzudan ham ma'lumki, bir necha fe'llar (be/smell/sound/taste/look etc.) sifatlar bilan ham qoʻllaniladi. Quyidagi misollarda sifat va ravishlarni qiyoslaymiz.
🔸He is very quiet. (sifat - sokin, jim)
🔸He speaks very quietly. (ravish - past ovozda)
🔸Why do you always look so serious? (sifat - jiddiy ko'rinasan)
🔸Why don't you take me seriously? (ravish-jiddiy qabul qilmaysan)
⚠️Bu vaziyatda sifat va ravishlar qaysi soʻzni izohlab kelganligiga e'tibor berish lozim. Birinchi misolda quiet - jim soʻzi he - u soʻzini izohlab kelgan va sifat hisoblanadi. Ikkinchi misolda quietly - past ovozda soʻzi speaks - gapiradi soʻzini izohlab kelgan va ravish hisoblanadi.

✳️ Ingliz tilida miqdor-darajani bildiradigan ba’zibir ravishlar, masalan: fully/deeply/highly kabi soʻzlar fe’llardan oldin kelishi ham mumkin.
🔸I fully understand your motives.

✳️ Ravishlar majhul nisbatdagi fe'l yoki sifatdosh boʻlib qoʻllanilgan fe'lning III shakli (Past Participle) made/planned/injured/organised/written bilan qoʻllanilganda, ulardan oldin keladi.
🔸Two people were seriously injured in the accident.
🔸The meeting was badly organised.
🔸They have been happily married for about 20 years.

✳️ Ravishlarning yana bir oʻziga xosligi ularning boshqa sifat va ravishlar oldidan ularni izohlab kelishidir. Odatda, daraja-miqdor ravishlari bunday vazifani bajaradi.
✅ reasonably cheap (=ancha arzon...ravish+sifat)
✅ terribly sorry (=juda afsusda...ravish+sifat)
✅ incredibly quickly (=ishonib bo'lmaydigan tarzda tez...ravish+ravish)
🔸The examination was surprisingly easy.
🔸It's a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.

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📖Dars #151 Sifat va ravishlarning qo'llanishi

✳️ Oldingi darslarda aytib oʻtilganidek, sifat predmetning belgisini bildiruvchi soʻz turkumi hisoblanadi.
🔸a nice song (ajoyib qoʻshiq...qanday qoʻshiq?)
✳️ Ravish esa harakat (fe'l)ning belgisini bildiruvchi soʻz turkumi hisoblanadi.
🔸to sing nicely (chiroyli kuylamoq...qanday kuylamoq?)

⚠️ Harakatning belgisi deganda ish-harakat qanday (tarzda) bajarilishiga aytiladi.
🔸Sam drove carefully along the narrow road. (Sem tor yoʻldan ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydadi...qay tarzda haydadi? - ehtiyotkorlik bilan)

✳️ Koʻpgina holat ravishlari sifatga -ly qoʻshimchasini qoʻshish bilan yasaladi.
✅ nice (sifat) - nicely (ravish)
✅ angry (jahldor) - angrily (jahl bilan)
✅ slow - slowly
✅ heavy - heavily
✅ shy - shyly
✅ quick - quickly
✅ terrible - terribly
✅ bad - badly
✅ possible - possibly

⚠️ Hamma -ly qoʻshimchasi bilan tugaydigan soʻzlar ravish boʻlavermaydi. Quyidagi soʻzlar -ly qoʻshimchasi bilan tugaydi, lekin sifat soʻz turkumiga tegishli. Odatda bunday sifatlar otdan yasalgan boʻladi.
✅ friendly - do'stona
✅ lively - jo'shqin
✅ elderly - keksa
✅ silly - ahmoqona
✅ lovely - ajoyib
✅ lonely - yolg'iz
✅ ugly - xunuk
✅ manly - erkakcha

✳️ Misollar:
🔸I like people who are friendly and lively.
🔸My mother used to tell me it wasn't manly for little boys to cry.

⚠️Bu soʻzlarning ravish shakli bo'lmagani uchun, ularni ravish sifatida qoʻllash uchun, ya'ni harakatning belgisini (tarzini) bildirish uchun bu soʻzlarni in a friendly way/in a silly way shaklida qoʻllashimiz kerak boʻladi.
🔸He greeted us in a friendly way. (U biz bilan doʻstona (tarzda) koʻrishdi)

✳️ Sifat va ravishning gapda qoʻllanilishi va oʻrniga e'tibor beramiz.

1️⃣ Sifat predmetning belgisini bildiradi va otdan oldin keladi.
🔸Sam is a careful driver. (ehtiyotkor haydovchi)
🔸We didn't go out because of the heavy rain. (qattiq yomg'ir)

💡Yuqoridagi misollarda careful va heavy sifatlari otning belgisini bildirib kelgan.
Demak, sifat gapda quyidagi tartibda keladi:
🔸She speaks perfect English. (sifat) + (ot)

2️⃣ Ravish ish-harakatning belgisini bildiradi va fe'ldan keyin keladi.
🔸Sam drove carefully along the narrow road. (ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydadi)
🔸We didn't go out because it was raining heavily. (yomg'ir qattiq yog'ayotgan edi)

💡 Yuqoridagi misollarda carefully va heavily ravishlari ish-harakatning belgisini bildirib kelgan. Demak, ravish esa quyidagi tartibda keladi:
🔸She speaks English perfectly. (fe'l)+(toʻldiruvchi)+(ravish)

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📖Dars #150 Sifatlarning tartibi

✳️Yozma va og'zaki nutqimizda tez-tez ot oldidan bir necha sifat kelish holatini koʻrish mumkin.
🔸Nick has got a big black dog. (big black = katta qora...2 ta sifat)
🔸He was wearing an old white cotton shirt. (old white cotton =eski oq paxta...3 ta sifat)
🔸There was a beautiful large round wooden table in the middle of the room. (beautiful large round wooden= chiroyli katta aylana taxta ...4 ta sifat)

✳️ Bir necha sifat ot oldidan qoʻllanilar ekan, ular tartib asosida ketma-ketlikda joylashadilar. Quyidagi qoidalar sifatlar qanday tartibda kelishini yoritib beradi.

✳️Umumiy qoidaga binoan sifatlar fikr (opinion) va fakt (fact) sifatlariga boʻlinadi.
1️⃣Fikr sifatlari insonning shaxsiy fikriga asoslangan predmetning belgisini bildiradi. Masalan, quyidagi sifatlar odatda fikr sifatlari hisoblanadi:
✅wonderful ✅nice ✅great ✅awful ✅terrible ✅beautiful
🔸lovely sunny day (ajoyib quyoshli kun...bizning fikrimizcha kun ajoyib, lekin boshqa birov uchun ajoyib boʻlmasligi mumkin.)

2️⃣Fakt sifatlari esa otga tegishli boʻlgan aniq belgi, xususiyatni bildiradi:
✅large ✅black ✅hot ✅soft ✅long ✅young ✅wooden
🔸lovely sunny day (ajoyib quyoshli kun...hamma uchun quyoshli kun.)

⚠️ Umumiy qoidaga binoan fikr sifatlari fakt sifatlaridan oldin keladi.
🔸He asked some nice easy questions. (nice - fikr, easy - fakt sifati.)
🔸I gave Ann a beautiful wooden frame for her birhtday. (beautiful - fikr, wooden - fakt sifati.)
🔸We met a lot of interesting young people during the holiday. (interesting - fikr, young - fakt sifati.)

✳️ Agar ot oldidan bir necha fakt sifatlari keladigan boʻlsa, (har doim emas!) quyidagi tartibga amal qilganimiz ma'qul.
1️⃣ Oʻlcham (how big?) - large/small/long/thin/round
2️⃣ Yoshi (how old?) - new/old
3️⃣ Rangi (what colour?) - red/blue/green/black
4️⃣ Kelib chiqishi (where from?) - American/French/Russian
5️⃣ Nimadan yasalgan (what is it made of? ) - stone/plastic/gold
6️⃣ Qanday turda (what kind? ) - electric/political/road
7️⃣ Nima maqsadda ishlatiladi? (purpose) - bread knife/bath towel/walking stick

✳️ Misollar:
🔸a tall young man (1 va 2, baland boʻyli yosh yigit)
🔸a large wooden table (1 va 5, katta taxta stol)
🔸a small black plastic bag (1,3,5, kichkina qora plastik sumka)
🔸an old Russian song (2 va 4, eski rus qoʻshig'i)

⚠️ Oʻlcham va uzunlikni bildiradigan sifatlar (big/small/tall/short/long) shakl va kenglikni bildiruvchi sifatlardan (round/fat/thin/slim/wide) oldin keladi.
✅ a large round table
✅ a tall thin girl
✅ a long narrow street

⚠️ Bir necha rang sifatlari ketma-ket kelganda ular bir-biri bilan and bog'lovchisi yoki vergul bilan ajratiladi.
✅ a black and white dress
✅ a red, white and green flag

✳️Boshqa sifatlar bilan bunday holat koʻrinmaydi.
✅ a long black dress (a long and black dress emas)

⚠️ the first two days/the next few weeks/the last ten minutes kabi iboralarda the first/the next/the last sifatlari sonlar va miqdorni birdiruvchi soʻzlardan oldin kelishini ham e'tiborga olish lozim.
🔸They will be away for the next few/five weeks.

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📖Dars #149 Sifat va ravish so'z turkumlari (Kirish darsi)

✳️ Ingliz tilida sifat soʻz turkumi ham oʻzbek tilidagi sifat kabi predmetning belgisini bildirib keladi.
🔸Claire has got a new car. (Klerning yangi mashinasi bor)
🔸Claire's car is new. (Klerning mashinasi yangi)

✳️ Sifatlar otlar oldidan kelib ularning belgisini bildirib keladi, gapda aniqlovchi vazifasini bajaradi.
🔸I can see a tall man and a short man in the distance.

✳️ Ingliz tilida sifatlar ba'zi fe'llardan keyin predmetning belgisini bildirib kela oladi. Sifat bilan qoʻllaniladigan fe'llar linking verb deb aytiladi. Bu fe'llarga quyidagilar kiradi:
✅ appear✳️
✅ be
✅ become
✅ feel✳️
✅ get/grow️✳️
✅ look️✳️
✅ seem
✅ smell️✳️
✅ stay
✅ taste️️✳️
✅sound
✅ remain

✳️Misollar:
🔸This coffee tastes good. (=The coffee is good.)
🔸I am tired and I am getting hungry. (=I am hungry.)
🔸Your friend seems very nice. (=Your friend is nice.)

💡 Yuqoridagi misollardan bilib olsak boʻladiki, linking verb predmetning belgisini bildirib kelganda, holat fe'li sifatida qoʻllaniladi va mazmunan to be fe'li ma'nosini beradi.
🔸This coffee tastes good = This coffee is good.

⚠️Yuqoridagi yulduzchali fe'llar harakat fe'li sifatida qoʻllanilganda esa, ravish (adverb) bilan qoʻllanishi lozim. Qiyoslash uchun misollar:
🔸Tom looked sad. (Tom g'amgin ko'rindi...sifat qoʻllanilgan.)
🔸Tom looked at me sadly.(Tom menga g'amgin qaradi...ravish qoʻllanilgan.)
🔸The food tasted awful. (Ovqatning ta'mi yomon edi...sifat qoʻllanilgan.)
🔸Ann tasted the food carefully. (Anna ehtiyotkorlik bilan ovqatni tatib koʻrdi...ravish qoʻllanilgan.)
🔸The man appeared drunk. (Kishi mast koʻrindi...sifat qoʻllanilgan.)
🔸The waiter appeared suddenly. (Ofitsiant toʻsatdan paydo boʻldi...ravish qoʻllanilgan.)

✳️ Ingliz tilidagi faqat bir oʻrinda qoʻllaniladigan sifatlar mavjud . Uning bu xususiyatlari lug'atda izoh sifatida only before a noun yoki not before a noun sifatida beriladi.

1️⃣ Faqat ot oldidan keladigan (ot bilan ishlatilishi shart bo'lgan) sifatlarga misollar, lug'atdagi izohi (only before a noun) :
✅main ✅only ✅indoor ✅former ✅chief ✅elder ✅outdoor ✅outer ✅principal ✅upper ✅inner ✅eldest

✳️Misollar:
🔸Be careful crossing the main road. (Asosiy yo'ldan o'tayotganda ehtiyot bo'l)
🔸The only problem is I have got no money.
🔸The former footballer now trains young players.

2️⃣ Faqat linking verbdan keyin keladigan sifatlar, bu sifatlar ot oldidan qoʻllanilmaydi, lug'atdagi izohi (not before a noun):
✅asleep ✅alike ✅pleased ✅afraid ✅alone ✅ashamed ✅awake ✅content ✅fine ✅glad ✅unwell ✅well ✅aloof ✅afloat ✅averse ✅ablaze ✅alert ✅aware

✳️ Misollar:
🔸At last the baby fell asleep. (Nihoyat, chaqaloq uxlab qoldi)
🔸Emma's two brothers are very alike.
🔸I am really pleased to see you.
🔸Don't be afraid. The dog won't hurt you.

⚠️ Demak, misol uchun afraid sifatini biz ot oldidan qo'llay olmaymiz. Masalan, qo'rqib ketgan bola demoqchi bo'lsak, ❌ 'an afraid boy' deyolmaymiz, chunki afraid sifati ot oldidan kela olmaydi. Lekin 'afraid' so'zining ot oldidan kela oladigan sinonimlarini qo'llab, '✅a frightened boy' desak bo'ladi.

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10 minutlarga boshlaymiz

📖 Dars #148 Ingliz tilida it so'zining ishlatilishi II qism

✳️ Avvalgi darsda biz 'it' so'zining gapda nominal ega sifatida ishlatishini o'rgangan edik. Bugungi darsda mazkur so'zning nominal to'ldiruvchi sifatida ishlatilishini o'rganamiz. Bu holatda 'it' so'zi tarjima qilinmaydi va mustaqil ma'nosi yo'q.

1️⃣ Mazkur holat gapning to'ldiruvchisi murakkab to'ldiruvchi (infinitivli) yoki gapdan (clause) iborat bo'lganda va mazkur gaplarda sifat ishlatilganda uchraydi. Masalan, 'I find to talk to you difficult' gapiga qaraganda ingliz tilida 'I find it difficult to talk to you' gapi tabiiyroq hisoblanadi.
▪️ Odatiy qurilma: subject+verb+it+complement+infinitive/clause
🔸 We found it tiring to listen to him.
🔸 My blister made it a problem to walk.
🔸 I thought it strange that she hadn't written.
🔸 George made it clear what he wanted.

⚠️ Mazkur qurilma fe'ldan keyin sifat yoki otli birikma kelmasa ishlatilmaydi.
🔸 I cannot bear to see people crying. ( I cannot bear it to see people crying emas)
🔸 I remember that we were very happy. (I remember it that ... emas)

2️⃣ I like/love/hate it when + gap qurilmalari ham mavjud.
🔸 I love it when you sing.

3️⃣ I take it that ... (I assume that) 'o'ylashimcha, taxminimcha' degan gapda ham 'it' so'zi nominal to'ldiruvchi sifatida ishtirok etadi.
🔸 I take it that you won't be working tomorrow.

4️⃣ Mazkur qoidalar gapda gerundiy kelgan holatlarda ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
🔸I found it strange being in her house.

5️⃣ 'it' so'zi 'I would appreciate it if...' gapida ham nominal to'ldiruvchi bo'lib keladi oladi.
🔸 I would appreciate it if you would keep me informed.

6️⃣ 'owe' va 'leave' fe'llari qatnashgan 'owe it to somebody to...' va 'leave it to somebody to ...' birikmalarida ham 'it' so'zi qatnashadi.
🔸 We owe it to society to make our country a better place.
🔸 I'll leave it to you to decide.

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📖 Dars #147 Ingliz tilida it so'zining ishlatilishi I qism

✳️ Bugungi darsimizda it so'zining o'ziga xos tarzda gap boshida nominal ega bo'lib ishlatilishini o'rganamiz. Nominal ega tarjima qilinmaydi, faqat gapni uslubiy jihatdan qulay qilish uchun ishlatiladi.
1️⃣ Agar gapning egasi to infinitiv bo'lsa, u gapning boshida kelishi uslubiy jihatdan uncha qulay emas, shuning uchun bunday gaplarni 'it' so'zi bilan boshlagan ma'qul.
🔸It's nice to talk to you. (To talk to you is nice gapiga qaraganda tabiiyroq)
🔸It was good of you to phone. (Telefon qilganingiz yaxshi bo'ldi - aslida bu gapda ega telefon qilganingiz, ammo uslubiy jihatdan gap qulay bo'lishi uchun gap boshida it qo'llanilgan. It so'zi bu yerda tarjima qilinmaydi va mustaqil ma'nosi yoq )
🔸It was stupid of you to leave the door unlocked.
🔸It's important to book in advance.
🔸It's my ambition to run a three-hour marathon.
🔸It was pleasure to listen to her.
🔸It upsets me to hear people arguing all the time.

2️⃣ 'it' so'zi for+to'ldiruvchi+infinitiv qurilmalarilari gapning egasi bo'lib kelganda, nominal ega bo'lib, gap boshida kelishi mumkin.
🔸It will suit me best for you to arrive at about ten o'clock.
🔸It's essential for the papers to be ready before Thursday.

3️⃣ 'it' so'zi boshqa bir gap gapning egasi bo'lib kelganida nominal ega sifatida ham ishlatiladi.
🔸It's probable that we'll be a little late.
🔸It doesn't interest me what you think.
🔸It's surprising how many unhappy marriages there are.
🔸It's exciting when a baby starts talking.

4️⃣ 'it' so'zi gerundiy bilan ifodalangan gapning egasi qatnashgan gaplarda ham nominal ega bo'lib kelishi mumkin. Bu holat odatda norasmiy uslubga xos.
🔸 It was nice seeing you.
🔸It's crazy her going off like that.
🔸It's worth going to Wales if you have the time.
🔸 It's no use trying to explain - I'm not interested.
🔸 It surprised me your not remembering my name.

5️⃣ 'it' so'zi take fe'li bilan ishlatilganda biror ish-harakatga qancha vaqt ketishini bildirish uchun ishlatiladi.
🔸It took me months to get to know her.
🔸How long does it take to get to London from here?

6️⃣ if, as if va as though bilan ishlatilganda 'it' so'zi kirish gapni bildirib keladi.
🔸It looks as if we're going to have trouble with Ann again.
🔸It's not as if this was the first time she's been difficult.
🔸It will be a pity if we have to ask her to leave.
🔸But it looks as though we may have to.

7️⃣ 'it' so'zi 'cleft sentences' larda who va that bilan kelgan gaplarda gaping biror bo'lagiga urg'u berish uchun ishlatiladi.
🔸It was my aunt who took Peter to London yesterday, not my mother. (my auntga urg'u berilmoqda)
🔸It was Peter that my aunt took to London yesterday, not Lucy. (Peterga urg'u berilmoqda)

8️⃣Odatda otli birikmalar bilan 'it' so'zi nominal ega bo'lib kelmaydi.
🔸The new concert hall is wonderful. (It's wonderful the new concert hall emas)

⚠️ Lekin norasmiy uslubda 'it' so'zi ot+relative clause kelgan gapga nominal ega bo'lishi mumkin.
🔸It's wonderful the enthusiasm that the children show.

⚠️ Bunday qurilmalarda 'the way' so'zi keng qo'llaniladi.
🔸 It's amazing the way (that) they work together.
🔸 It's strange the way you know what I'm thinking.

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📖 Dars #145 Ingliz tilida whoever, whatever va boshqa so'zlarning ishlatilishi I qism

1️⃣ whoever - kim bo'lsa ham, kimki, xohlagan shaxs degan ma'nolarda ishlatilib, biror ish-harakatni amalga oshirgan xohlagan bir shaxsni nazarda tutish uchun ishlatiladi.
🔸 There's a reward for whoever finishes first.

2️⃣ whatever (nima bo'lsa ham), whichever (qaysi (biri) bo'lsa ham), however (qanday qilib bo'lsa ham), whenever (qachon bo'lsa ham) va wherever (qayerga (-da) bo'lsa ham) so'zlari ham shunday 'ochiq, cheklanmagan' doirani bildirib keladi.

3️⃣ Mazkur so'zlar ikki xil vazifa: nisbiy olmosh yoki ravish sifatida yohud bog'lovchi sifatida o'zidan keyingi gapni ergashtirib kelish uchun ishlatiladi.
➖ whoever - kim, kim bo'lsa ham, xohlagan odam
🔸 Whoever phoned just now was very polite.
🔸 I'm not opening the door, whoever you are.
🔸 Send it to whoever pays the bill.

➖ whatever - nimaiki, nima bo'lsa ham, xohlagan narsa
🔸 Whatever you do, I'll always love you.
🔸 Whatever is in that box is making a very funny noise.
🔸 Keep calm, whatever happens.
🔸 Spend the money on whatever you like.

➖ whichever - qaysi biri bo'lsa ham, xohlagan
🔸Whichever of them you marry, you'll have problems.
🔸 We're free all next week. You'll be welcome whichever day you come.

➖ however - qanchalik, qanday qilib bo'lsa ham
🔸 However much he eats, he never gets fat.
🔸 People always want more, however rich they are.
🔸 However you travel, it'll take you at least three days.

⚠️ however so'zlari bilan ravish (much) va sifat (rich) so'zlarining ishlatilishiga e'tibor bering.

➖ whenever - qachonki, har qachon, qachon bo'lsa ham.
🔸 Whenever I go to London I try to see Vicky.
🔸You can come whenever you like. (= whichever day)

➖ wherever - qayerda (qayerga) bo'lsa ham, har qanday (qulay) holatda
🔸 Wherever you go, you'll find Coca-Cola.
🔸 We can go wherever you like.
🔸 Wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar.

4️⃣ Mazkur so'zlarning 'ever' so'z ajratilgan holda ishlatilish holatlari ham uchraydi. Mazkur holatda ular taajjublanish yoki tushunmovchilikni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.
🔸 Who ever is that strange girl with Roger? (Kim o'zi... degan ma'noda)
🔸 What ever are you doing? ( Sen o'zi nima qilyapsan?)
🔸 How ever did you manage to start the car? I couldn't. (Siz o'zi qanday qilib mashinani yurgizdingiz?)
🔸 When ever will I have time to write some letters? (Menda o'zi qachon vaqt bo'ladi ...?)
🔸 Why ever did I marry you? (Men o'zi nimaga senga uylandim (turmushga chiqdim)?)

⚠️ Mazkur ma'noda ever so'zi qo'shib yozilishi ham mumkin (whoever, whatever), lekin whose va which so'zlari ever bilan bunday ma'noda ishlatilmaydi.

5️⃣ Norasmiy uslubda 'ever' so'zi o'rnida on earth, the hell (AmE) so'zlari ishlatilishi mumkin.
🔸 Who on earth is that strange girl?
🔸 Why the hell did I marry you?

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⚡️⚡️ Hurmatli ustozlar, 2025-yil birinchi yarmida bo'lib o'tadigan attestatsiya sinovlariga tayyorgarlik uchun navbatdagi kurs boshlayapmiz.
✅ Kurs 10-martdan boshlanadi va ikki oy davom etadi.
✅ Darslar haftada 3 marta o'tkaziladi.
✅ Har yakshanba sifatli mocklar o'tkaziladi+audio tahlil beriladi.
✅ Darslar davomida yangi attestatsiya formati bo'yicha va belgilangan manbalardan foydalangan holda o'tiladi.
✅Pedagogika va kasb standarti bo'yicha ham alohida darslar bo'ladi.

❗️ 70 foizlik ustamaga birgalikda harakat qilamiz.
❗️ Kursga bir marta to'lov qilinadi. Kurs uchun ikki oyga 200 ming so'm . Attestatsiyagacha birga tayyorlanamiz.

👏👏 Natijalarimizni ko'rish uchun: @grammarnotesshop
📋 Demo dars: https://t.me/+ly1RAJ7kvPIwOWI6

➡️ Kursga a'zo bo'lish uchun @grammarnotesadmin ga yozing.

📖Dars #143 Qo'shimcha ma'lumot beruvchi relative clause

✳️ Avvalgi mavzularda gapning biror boʻlagini izohlab keladigan relative clause haqida soʻz yuritgan edik. Bu holatlarda ular qaysi shaxs, narsa, joy haqida gap ketayotganligini aniqlash uchun xizmat qiladi.
🔸The man who lives next door is very kind. (...who lives next door gapi relative clause va qaysi kishi nazarda tutilganini aniqlab keladi.)
🔸Garry works for a company which makes typewriters. (...which makes typewriters gapi relative clause hisoblanadi va qanday kompaniya nazarda tutilganini aniqlab kelmoqda.)

✳️ Endi boshqa turdagi relative clause koʻrib chiqamiz. Bu holatda relative clause bizga ma'lum boʻlgan shaxs, narsa, joylar haqida qoʻshimcha ma'lumot beradi va vergul bilan ajratiladi.
🔸Tom's father, who is 78, goes swimming every day.
🔸The house at the end of the street, which has been empty for two years, has just been sold.
🔸Martin, whose mother is Spanish, speaks both Spanish and English fluently.
🔸Mr. Hogg is going to Canada, where his son has been living for five years.
🔸My sister, whom you once met, is visiting me next week.

✳️ Qoʻshimcha ma'lumot beradigan relative clauselarda predloglar which/whom olmoshlaridan oldin qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Mr. Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
🔸Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.

✳️ all of/most of etc.+ whom/which qurilmasining qoʻllanishiga e'tibor bering.
🔸Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (...ikkita gap)
🔸Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. (...bitta gap)
🔸They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them. (...ikkita gap)
🔸They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (... bitta gap)
🔸Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.
🔸Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.
🔸They have got three cars, two of which they rarely use.
🔸Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

✳️ Shuningdek, predmetlar uchun qaratqich kelishigi qoʻshimchasini bildirish uchun the cause of which/the name of which qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi.
🔸The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established.
🔸We stayed in a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now.

✳️ Avvalgi mavzularda which olmoshining biror bir gap boʻlagini izohlab kelishini koʻrib oʻtgan edik. Quyidagi qurilmada esa which olmoshi butun bir gapni oʻrnini bosib keladi.
🔸Joe got the job. This surprised everybody. (...ikkita gap, this Joening ishga kirishi)
🔸Joe got the job, which surprised everybody. (...bitta gap)

💡 Yuqoridagi gapda which olmoshi Joening ishga qabul qilingani degan mazmunni ifodalab kelmoqda.
🔸Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a pity. (...which=Saraning biz bilan uchrasholmagani)
🔸The weather was good, which we hadn't expected. (...which=ob-havoning yaxshiligi)

❤️If you want to do some good to your friends 👉 just share this post @grammarnotes #2025 #newlessons
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