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TOPIC: Traffic and housing problems in major cities can be solved by moving large companies, factories and their employees to the countryside. To what extent do you agree or disagree.

It is thought that the solution for city traffic and housing shortages is moving large companies, factories, and their workers to the countryside. I completely disagree with this viewpoint as this relocation cannot address the root causes of housing problems and traffic congestion in cities.

Firstly, one significant factor contributing to housing crisis can be restrictive legislation. Legislature systems implement certain laws, potentially making housing unaffordable for those with law income, even for middle class families. This laws usually do not allow for the construction of affordable housings as it is the case in San Francisco. In this city, due to the strict zoning regulations, it is almost impossible to find houses at affordable prices. This means that the relocation of factories and their workers cannot solve the problem of housing shortages at all.

Secondly, the main culprit behind traffic congestion is arguably poor urban planning and a lack of investment in sustainable infrastructure. More precisely, ineffective road systems usually result in bottlenecks in urban areas, making the mobility of cars slow. Take Tashkent city as an example. Experts say that poor road infrastructure is the main reason why the population of this city suffer from traffic problems. Additionally, the shortage of public transportation or their poor quality often encourage people to use their own private cars, increasing the number of individual cars on roads and thereby resulting in traffic issues. All these explain why we need to focus on improving existing infrastructure, instead of relocating companies and their workers.

Thirdly and potentially most importantly, only a small proportion of the population usually works in factories, which is why moving factories and employees to rural areas is ineffective. The city population usually consist of people from different backgrounds with different jobs and other responsibilities. Not all or even the majority of city dwellers work in factories. For example, the number of people working in factories across the whole UK is just 2.7 million, which can be even smaller at the city level. This is the reason why moving businesses and employees would be almost non-sense.

In conclusion, relocating factories and their employees to the countryside may seem to work at first when resolving housing problems and traffic congestion. However, this approach towards solving these problems cannot be effective, because certain laws in legislations and poor urban infrastructure are arguably the main causes behind these issues. In addition, the most significant number of city dwellers do not work in factories, moving these businesses and their workers to the countryside do not make sense at all.

The bar chart illustrates how much energy was generated by wind in four different countries in 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000. Overall, the amount of generated energy from wind increased significantly in all countries over the years. While the US was the leading country in this manner, Denmark took over the US in the final year.

Turning to the figures for the United States and India, the former was the leading country, while the opposite was true for the latter. In 1985, the US produced 1200 megawatts, which was 6 times higher than the energy produced India (200). By 1990, the amount of energy produced from wind reached a peak at about 1620 megawatts. Following this, the figure for the US showed a gradual and constant decline, decreasing to about 1510 megawatts. Meanwhile, India showed a significant increase in the amount of energy manufactured by wind, gradually going up to 1200 megawatts.

Focusing on the figures for Denmark and Germany, they consistently took the middle second and third places respectively over the years except for 2000. At the beginning, Germany started with 400 and Denmark with about 210 megawatts. However, due to their continuous growth over the years, Denmark became the leading country in terms of the amount of energy generated by wind in the final year (1620 megawatts), with Germany generating almost 700 megawatts from this renewable energy type.

The line graph compares the amount of money generated from clothing exports in three different countries between 1999 and 2003. Overall, Colombia showed the most prominent changes, while the figures for Colombia and Japan had relatively negligible changes.

Turning to the figure for Myanmar, the revenue generated from clothing exports in this country experienced dramatic changes. In 1999, Myanmar started with almost 0 million dollar revenue. By 2001, this country witnessed a significant increase, reaching its peak of almost 940 million dollars, the highest figure in this year. However, this country's figure declined considerably to about 350 million, becoming the lowest figure by now. Despite its increase in 2003 to approximately 420 million, this country ended up the period with the lowest position.

Regarding the performance of other two countries, despite its initial leading position, Japan came to second due to the upward trend of the figure for Colombia. At the beginning, Japan started with the revenue of nearly 590 million dollars and Columbia with with about 485 million. After marginal fluctuations, Japan's clothing export revenue dropped to about 495 million. In contrast, the figure for Colombia grew notably, reaching a peak of 700 million. Following this, there was a decrease in Colombia's clothing exports to approximately 605 million at the end.

The table and bar charts compares the changes that took place in Australia's medical workforce in terms of the number of doctors, their composition, and their birthplace in 1986, 1996, and 2006.

Overall, the table reveals that there was significant growth in the number of medical professionals. Additionally, despite their increasing trend, female doctors remained minority in the healthcare profession throughout the period. While those born in Australia made up the highest percentage of the labor force at the beginning, their percentage became equal with that of those born outside Australia by 2006.

Turning to the details on the table, the number of those working in the medical field showed a consistent upward trend. In 1986, their number was 23720, while this figure increased to 29060 after a decade. This was followed by another increase to 35450 at the end.

Regarding gender disparity in the medical workforce, male doctors were dominant in this domain in spite of the upward trend of female doctors and the downward trend of their male counterparts. In 1986, male doctors formed about three fourth of the workforce with female professionals accounting for mere 25%. By 2006, even after the constant increase in their percentage, female doctors reached approximately 39%, while their male counterparts constituted about 61%.

Focusing on the birthplace of the medical workforce, those born overseas showed a constant increase, even accounting for the same percentage with native Australian doctors. In 1986, those born in Australia constituted more than two third of the total medical workforce (63%), while those from overseas countries made up 27% only. By 2006, because of its constant increasing trend, the figure for those born overseas grew to 50% with those born in Australia representing the same percentage.

It is thought that parents should be punished for their children's law-breaking actions due to their parental responsibility in the upbringing of their children. I partly agree with this viewpoint because holding parents accountable in such cases may sometimes be unjust.

On the one hand, holding parents accountable for their children's actions be beneficial in several ways. To elaborate, as parents are usually responsible for the upbringing of their children, it would be fair to attribute what their children do to parents. Thus, implementing punishments for parents rather than their children would be fair when their child breaks the law. Additionally, doing so can encourage parents fulfill their parental duties, thereby providing their children with proper parental guidance. This can help them nurture more responsible and law-abiding children, which is the ultimate goal of punishing people for their wrongdoings.

On the other hand, there are certain reasons why children themselves need to be punished for their unlawful actions rather than their parents. Firstly, children are distinct individuals from their parents, which means they themselves need to bear responsibility for what they do. Secondly, children may be involved in law-breaking activities for various reasons beyond parents can control. More precisely, various factors, such as socio-economic background, mental health issues, and even peer influence, may contribute to the behavior of children, potentially leading to breaking the law.

In conclusion, due to their parental responsibility, punishing parents for their children's wrongdoings can be fair and even prevent parental negligence, forcing them to guide their children in a proper way. However, blaming parents for what their children do may also be unjust. This is because, as individuals, children themselves should also be held accountable for their actions, and different factors unrelated to parental upbringing, can make children break the law.

The two maps illustrates how the layout of a museum was in 1998 and after being redeveloped in 2008. Overall, the museum became more visitor-friendly after the changes done to the layout of the museum with the expansion and addition of certain facilities.

In 1998, there were almost no facilities for the museum's visitors. The most prominent part of the layout was probably the central garden with permanent exhibition rooms to the right and left of it and a cafe to its above. Entrance/exit was located to the bottom of the garden, and tickets were also sold there. While temporary exhibition room was situated to the left of the entrance/exit, WC with with a space for bags and coats and a shop could be found to the right of the entrance/exit.

Following redevelopment, in 2008, there were some structural changes in the layout with more facilities. While the central garden did not change its location, it was reduced in size to to the expansion of a cafe to include a sitting area inside the garden, and WC was also relocated to the right of the cafe. The inclusion of fountains in the garden was the next change done inside it. To the upper left corner of the layout, a new restaurant was built, and the temporary exhibition room was relocated to below this restaurant. It was also notable that a dedicated area was made for bags and coats to the bottom corner with the shop next to it, both of which were relocated. The area for entrance/exit and tickets remained unchanged, while to the next of it was transformed into permanent exhibition rooms, enlarging the previous one to the right of the garden.

In some cities, people prefer riding bicycles rather than drive cars. In some other cities, people choose to drive cars rather than ride bicycles. What are the reasons for their preferences? Which one do you think is a better development?

Humans rely on various transport means to reach their destinations for centuries. Nowadays, there is a growing trend of riding a bicycle rather than one's own private car in some cities, while a personal car is still more preferable for people in some cities. In my view, people's transport-related preferences can be affected by several factors, and the trend of riding a bicycle is potentially the better one for today's society.

On the one hand, the reason why bike-riding is common in some cities can be related to how much environmentally conscious the populations in these cities are. In the era of climate change, cars are considered as one of the major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. This is because majority of cars we drive are traditional ones which rely on fossil fuels despite the ubiquity of electric vehicles. Therefore, people's awareness about environmental issues can encourage people to follow the cycling culture, because bike-riding is environmentally-friendly. For example, statistically, people in European countries, such as Denmark and Netherlands, are well aware of the environmental challenges, which incentivized them to develop a strong bike-riding culture.

On the other hand, the condition of roads can be a contributing factor to a growing car culture in some cities. More specifically, road infrastructure in some cities is not cycling-friendly, which leaves the people there with a single option of riding their private cars. For example, not having good cyclist infrastructure, including special bike paths, discourage the population of Tashkent from riding a bicycle according to surveys conducted there. This shows how critical city infrastructure can be in promoting private car usage.

However, I firmly believe that the culture of bike-riding can be more advantageous that that of private car driving. Undoubtedly, many people usually lead physically inactive lifestyles these days because of the conveniences modern world offers. For instance, in the US, many people spend 80% of their work hours for sedentary activities, which potentially leads to some health issues such as obesity. In contrast, if bike-riding becomes popular, this can be a physical exercise among people's daily activities. Hence, bike-riding can make a significant change in the lives of people having sedentary lifestyle.

In conclusion, people's environmental consciousness can be the main factor behind the culture of cycling in some cities, while road infrastructure can be the cause which do not allow for bike-riding and lead to the only option of driving a personal car in some. Nonetheless, I contend that cycling culture can guarantee certain benefits, especially in terms of making people physically active.

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